Organic chemistry. Ethylene glycol.

Ethylene glycol: Since 1990 world demand in the market of polyester production sharply increased, and it led to rapid growth and development of production of ethylene glycol in the world. In 1996, glycol capacities in the world are made by 11,2 million t/year. During 1996 and 2004 growth rates of capacities of glycol in the world make 5%, and annual growth rates of production of ethylene glycol are made by 5,8%. In 2004, capacities in the world on ethylene glycol made 16,98 million t/year, produktion of 14.96 million tons, the average level of the operational makes 92%.

 

In structure of consumption of ethylene glycol made in the world, 80,4% are used in production of polyair, 12% are used in production of antifreeze, and 7,6% are used in production of antiobledenitelny liquid, drawing coverings, etc. It is expected that in 2010, glycol of capacities in the world will be about 22,4 million tons/year, in 2015 will make about 22 million tons/year.

 

Increase in production of ethylene glycol happens generally in Asia and in the Middle East; growth of Western Europe and North America becomes rather less. Demand for glycol in the world makes about 19,2 million tons in 2010 from which average annual increase in demand for 4,4% and 1,1% in North America and Western Europe, respectively, and is expected that demand for glycol consumption in the world in 2015 will reach 23.36 million tons, and average annual growth rates of demand will make approximately for 4 percent.

 

China is the large consumer of the glycol, about 80% of glycol are used in polyester productions and 8% for antifreeze and 12% for other productions. Now domestic Chinese plants, including Yanshan petrochemical corporation, the Shanghai petrochemical company", JSC Sinopec Yangzi petrochemical To, Ltd., the Kyrgyz company, Maoming the petrochemical company, whose general power of production are 1,28 million tons, and total production of 1.2564 million tons in 2006.

 

At the same time, the actual Chinese consumption made 5.3177 million tons with an annual capacity of imports of 4.0613 million tons, these figures showed that demand for glycol in the industry strongly grew. Because of limitation of resources of glycol, during 2006-2010, glikolevy production potential the main concentrates in China Petrochemical Corporation, subsidiaries and Chinese-foreign joint the enterprises, respectively - 60% and 23%.

 

By 2010 in China it is expected that capacities on glycol will be increased by 1,92 million t/year, and as expected, will reach 3,1 million tons/year in 2010. According to internal production of polyair of 19 million tons in 2010 the forecast of consumption of glycol will make 6,4 million tons and there will be a gap in the market on 3,3 million tons of polyester raw materials on the lowest marks.

 

Who will close a gap in production of ethylene glycol?

 

Separation of water from alcohols (dehydration reaction).

 

       At action on one-nuclear alcohols (methyl alcohol CH3OH, ethyl alcohol C2H5OH, propyl C3H7OH alcohol, butyl C4H9OH alcohol, amilovy C5H11OH alcohol, etc.) various water taking away means occurs an otshchepleniye of molecules of water. Thus the atom of hydrogen is chipped off from the hydrocarbonic atom next to at what there is a hydroxyl group of alcohol. It leads to formation of nonlimiting hydrocarbon

 

 In this response: if there is a choice, hydrogen is chipped off preferentially from that adjacent carbonic atom which contains smaller number of atoms of hydrogen.

Dehydration of alcohols occurs, for example, at a transmission of vapors of alcohol over the oxide of aluminum heated at 350 – 500 degrees Celsius. The old laboratory method consists in heating of alcohols with the concentrated sulfuric acid; usually so receive on the reaction given above ethylene from ethyl alcohol.

 

When mixing by the concentrated chamois of acid with alcohol, ester – alkisernisty acid is formed.

 

In this case, at excess of alcohol, dehydration proceeds between molecules, i.e. by allocation of a molecule of water at the expense of hydroxyl groups of two molecules of alcohol; simple air is thus formed
     For example:

 

At further heating alkisernisty acid decays on nonlimiting hydrocarbon of ethylene and sulfuric acid

 

From ethylene it is easy to receive an ethylene oxide. In the industry an oxide of ethylene receive direct oxidation of ethylene by air oxygen in the presence of the catalyst (silver) at a temperature up to 350 degrees Celsius

 

Ethylene oxide - colourless, easily flying liquid with a temperature of boiling of 10,7 degrees Celsius; d = 0,897, the oxide of ethylene is well dissolved in water. The oxide of ethylene is very active. The tripartite ring of an oxide of ethylene easily reveals, and the oxide of ethylene attaches various reagents; the oxide of ethylene is applied to synthesis of many products.

 

Attaching a water molecule an oxide of ethylene forms ethylene glycol. It is reaction for receiving Ethylene glycol in the industry:

 

Thus, reaction of receiving ethylene glycol from ethyl alcohol can be written down by the following formulas:

 

Ethylene glycol can be received by also alkaline hydrolysis 1,2-dichloroethanes, and 1,2-dichloroethane - ethylene chlorination

Ethylene glycol from ethylene can be received and by oxidation in water solution / On the same reaction receive propylene glycol - antiobledenitelny liquid for Airlines - aviation antifreeze

At interaction of an oxide of ethylene and ethylene glycol polyglycols turn out

Synthetic detergents - valuable substitutes for soap. Production of soap demands a big consumption of vegetable and animal fats. Synthetic detergents are various compositions which basis various synthetic active agents are.

Dioxane - dietilenovy air as in it through oxygen two ethylene radicals are connected. Dioxane will be formed of two molecules of ethylene glycol with separation of two molecules of water; for this purpose to heat ethylene glycol with a small amount of sulfuric acid. Dioxane - colourless liquid, a boiling temperature 101 degree Celsius, a melting temperature 11,8 гр d=1,0338 Celsius. Dioxane mixes up with water. On chemical properties dioxane is similar to simple air. Dioxane is applied as very good solvent of high-molecular connections, fats, oils.

Not ionogenic washing substances - chemical compounds with the different rather high molecular masses, the containing hydroxyl and off-the-air groups giving to them a solubility in water and surface-active properties. Products of interaction of the higher alcohols with an ethylene oxide according to the diagram can be an example

Chemical compounds of this type represent air of polyglycols. The radical of R can contain, for example, 18 carbonic atoms. Depending on number of molecules of an oxide of the ethylene, entered into response (value of n=6-8, 10-15 or 20-30) receive surface-active substances of different assignments (detergents for wool, artificial silk, cotton, emulsifiers of oils, etc.)

 

Литература: Завод по производству моющих средств в Китае

Литература: пропиленгликоль для Аэрофлота - антиобледенительная жидкость - авиационный антифриз

Литература: Извлечение глицерина из барды

Литература: Производство этилового спирта в США.

Литература: Этанол

Литература: Производство бутилового спирта из этилового спирта через уксусный альдегид.

Литература: Производство и использование этилового спирта

Литература: Этиленгликоль является исходным сырьем для производства тосола, антифриза, теплоносителя, стеклоомывающих жидкостей, авто шампуней. Антифриз автомобильный представляет собой этиленгликоль (ГОСТ 19710-83) с пакетом антикоррозионных присадок (Ингибиторов коррозии) по карбоксилатной технологии

 

Вернуться на главную страницу